There are several laboratory tests used to evaluate the quality and properties of soap. Some of the common tests include: 1. pH Test Purpose : To determine the acidity or alkalinity of the soap. Method : A small amount of soap is dissolved in distilled water, and the pH is measured using pH paper or a pH meter. The ideal pH for soap is usually between 9 and 10. 2. Total Fatty Matter (TFM) Purpose : To measure the percentage of fatty matter in the soap, which indicates its quality. Method : The soap is dissolved in alcohol, and the fatty matter is extracted using an organic solvent like petroleum ether. The solvent is then evaporated, and the residue is weighed to determine the TFM content. 3. Free Alkali Test Purpose : To measure the amount of free alkali present in the soap, which can cause skin irritation. Method : The soap is dissolved in ethanol, and the solution is titrated with hydrochloric acid using phenolphthalein as an indicator. 4. Moisture Content Purpose : To determine the...