Psychrotrophic bacteria, also known as psychrophilic bacteria, are microorganisms that thrive in cold temperatures. These bacteria are adapted to grow and reproduce at temperatures ranging from 0°C to 20°C (32°F to 68°F), with an optimum growth temperature usually around 15°C (59°F). Unlike mesophilic bacteria, which prefer moderate temperatures, psychrotrophic bacteria have evolved to survive and function in colder environments. Some psychrotrophic bacteria can even grow at temperatures below freezing, although their growth rate may be slower compared to higher temperatures. Psychrotrophic bacteria are commonly found in various cold environments, including: Cold water environments: Lakes, rivers, and other bodies of cold water can harbor psychrotrophic bacteria. Refrigerated and frozen foods: These bacteria can grow on food stored at refrigeration or frozen temperatures, causing spoilage. This is particularly important in the food industry, where the presence of psychrotrophic bacte...