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Analyzing the vitamin content in food involves several laboratory techniques. Here's an overview of the common methods used High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC):  HPLC is a widely used technique for analyzing vitamins, particularly water-soluble vitamins like vitamin C (ascorbic acid), B vitamins (thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, etc.), and fat-soluble vitamins like vitamins A, D, E, and K. This method separates and quantifies individual vitamins based on their chemical properties. Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS):  LC-MS combines chromatography with mass spectrometry detection to analyze and quantify vitamins in food samples. It offers high sensitivity and selectivity and can be used for both water-soluble and fat-soluble vitamins. UV-Visible Spectrophotometry: UV-visible spectrophotometry is commonly used for analyzing vitamin concentrations, particularly for vitamin A (retinol) and vitamin E (tocopherol), which absorb UV or visible light at specific wav...

Vitamin A deficiency can lead to a range of symptoms, and its severity can vary. Vitamin A is crucial for various bodily functions, including vision, immune system function, and skin health. Here are some common symptoms of vitamin A deficiency: Night Blindness: One of the earliest and most characteristic signs of vitamin A deficiency is difficulty seeing in low-light conditions or night blindness. This occurs because vitamin A is essential for the synthesis of rhodopsin, a pigment in the eyes that helps with low-light vision. Dry Eyes and Xerophthalmia: Insufficient vitamin A can lead to dryness of the conjunctiva and cornea, causing a condition known as xerophthalmia. In severe cases, it can lead to corneal ulcers and blindness. Skin Changes: Vitamin A plays a role in maintaining healthy skin, and its deficiency can result in various skin issues. Dry, rough skin, as well as the development of follicular hyperkeratosis (thickening of hair follicles), may occur. Impaired Immune Functio...