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Amino acids are organic compounds that serve as the building blocks of proteins. They play crucial roles in various biological processes and are essential for life. Amino acids are characterized by their structure and classification based on various criteria. Structure of Amino Acids: The basic structure of an amino acid consists of four components: Amino Group (NH2):  This is a nitrogen-containing group that gives amino acids their name. It consists of a nitrogen atom (N) bonded to two hydrogen atoms (H). The amino group is basic and can accept a proton (H+) to become positively charged. Carboxyl Group (COOH):  This is a carboxylic acid group, consisting of a carbon atom (C) bonded to an oxygen atom (O) and a hydroxyl group (-OH). The carboxyl group is acidic and can release a proton (H+) to become negatively charged. Alpha Carbon (α-C):  The central carbon atom (C) in an amino acid is called the alpha carbon. It is bonded to the amino group, the carboxyl group, a hydrog...

Every living being uses Amino acids to make proteins. They help grow and repair body tissue and boost your immune system. It is crucial to balance Essential Amino acid levels throughout the day. There are six tests for determining the functional groups in amino acids. They are: (1) Ninhydrin Test The free amino group and Carboxylic acid group react with ninhydrin to produce a colored residue.   (2) Biuret Test  Also known as Piotrowski’s Test, the dark violet-colored residue signifies the presence of protein in the solution.  (3) Xanthoproteic Test  This test identifies the presence of an activated benzene ring in the amino acid. Nitric acid is added to 1 ml of amino acid solution, followed by boiling to detect the Essential Amino acid levels. (4) Millon’s Test  This test is suitable for amino acids containing a phenol group. Millon’s reagent is used in the test to identify protein traces in the sample. (5) Hopkins-Cole Test  This test is done particul...